Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Microeconomics - Essay Example One of the main characteristics of perfect competition includes sale of homogenous goods where all firms in the market same the same good. The second characteristic of perfect competitive market is perfect information where all sellers and buyers if goods know the price of the good and an increase in price by the seller will result in zero sales. Monopoly is a market structure consisting of one seller and many buyers; hence, the seller has total maker power on price and quantity. The main characteristic of this market is the lack of close substitutes; hence, the users have to purchase from the firm at the price. The second characteristic of monopoly is high barriers of entry that could be as a result of high capital requirement, ownership of production resources by the firm, natural causes, and government offer of single license to the firm ensuring presence of abnormal profits in the long-run in a monopoly market. Oligopoly defines a market structure characterized by few large firms operating in the market hence the decision of a firm affects other firms in the market. A characteristic of an oligopoly is aggressive and defensive advertising to ensure buyers get information on the products and give a firm advantage over the other firms in the market. The other characteristic is price rigidity, since when one firm increase price other firms may not follow suit leading to loss of sales by the firm with an increased prices and augmented sales for the other firms. Monopolistic competition consists of a market structure consisting of firms with a degree of market power owing to the production of non-perfectly substitutable goods, and the aim of the firms is profit maximization. A characteristic of monopolistic competition is free entry of firms ensuring the economic profits in the long-run are reduced to normal profits. The second characteristic is that firms produce differentiated products allowing for a certain degree of market power since the goods cannot be

Role of ATP in Supporting Energy to the Body Essay Example for Free

Role of ATP in Supporting Energy to the Body Essay When food is ingested, it is broken down into components and utilized in a specific manner in three major cellular pathways to provide energy for the cells and the body.   Ultimately, these pathways involve the breakdown and utilization of food, the utilization of O2 and the production of CO2, the generation and regeneration of ATP and the production of water.   Therefore, these processes involve respiration as well as the breakdown and utilization of food and oxygen. Three major pathways are involved:   glycolysis which takes place in the cellular cytoplasm and breaks down glycogen and glucose from food, the Krebs Cycle which occurs in the mitochondrion and oxidative phosphorylation which occurs in the mitochondrion.   Ã‚  Ã‚   These three pathways occur in two cellular locations.   Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and The Krebs Cycle and oxidative phosphorylation take place in the mitochondria.   During these three pathways, there is a utilization and production of ATP that biochemists follow closely.   It results in the net production of 36 molecules of ATP.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To understand the entire process that illustrates how food is broken down and utilized in the body, it is instructive to follow a bolus, that is, food consumed, chewed and swallowed.   Each step involves some aspect of digestion that breaks down complex sugar and protein molecules into smaller units.   Proteins are broken down into peptides and amino acids while starches and other complex sugars are broken down into glucose. The glucose undergoes glycolysis in the cellular cytoplasm beginning with the enzyme hexokinase, and the entire process of glycolysis is controlled by the rate limiting enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK).   Kinase enzymes (enzymes that break down ATP) are common all along the three pathways involved, glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle (also called the Citric Acid Cycle and the Tricaroxylic Acid Cycle) and phosphorylative oxidation.   Kinases are enzymes that break down or utilized ATP, ADP and AMP as their substrate or one of their substrates.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fiske and Subbarow discovered and characterized ATP in 1929.   At that time, the work of some demonstrated that the breakdown of ATP provided energy for muscle contraction, but other studies demonstrated that there was ATP synthesis during glycolysis and during electron transport.   Although ATP is made throughout the cell, the cellular location of ATP synthesis varies with the biochemical pathways associated with ATP synthesis.    Although one common pathway of ATP synthesis and breakdown is associated with the adenylate kinase reaction that forms two ADP molecules from ATP and AMP, studies in the late 1920s and beyond demonstrated that ATP synthesis was also associated with glycolysis and during electron transport.   In 1949, Kennedy and Lehninger demonstrated that ATP synthesis and the citric acid cycle occur in the mitochondria.   We now recognize that ATP synthesis and breakdown can be associated with specific biochemical pathways in the cell cytoplasm and in the mitochondria.    Some enzymes are sensitive to the ratio of ATP to AMP and to the presence of ADP.   This realization led to the concept of the energy charge, the relative concentration of ATP to ADP to AMP in the cell.   An energy charge of 1.0 represents all ATP, and energy charge of 0 represents all AMP and an energy charge of 0.5 represents all ADP or equal amounts of ATP and AMP or some combination of the two.   These ratios, and thus the energy charge are important to the cell because many cellular enzymes such as PFK are sensitive to and regulated by the relative amounts of the adenine nucleotides, ATP, ADP and AMP. Glycolysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Glycolysis, also referred to as the Embden-Meryhof-Parnas pathway (figure 1), is essentially the breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm of the cell.   The glycolytic process can begin with glucose or glycogen.   During the process, glycolysis generates the high energy compounds ATP and NADH that serve as the energy sources in the cell.   Among the many cellular roles for glycolysis, it serves three central cellular functions.   First, it generates high energy molecules such as ATP and NADH. It also produces pyruvate for the Krebs cycle and a variety of three and six carbon compounds involved in the intermediary metabolism of the cell.   The rate limiting enzyme for glycolysis, that is, the key enzyme that controls the glycolytic pathway, is phosphofructokinase (PFK).   PFK is feedback inhibited by high levels of ATP which acts by lowering the affinity of the substrate F6P for PFK.   AMP can reverse the inhibitory effect of ATP rendering PFK, and thus the control of glycolysis very sensitive to the ratio of ATP/AMP in the cytoplasm.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The final product arising from glycolysis depends on the cellular conditions.   Whereas glycolysis begins with glucose or glycogen, it ends with the production two molecules of the three carbon compound pyruvate.   Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is reduced to form lactic acid or ethanol and under aerobic conditions pyruvate loses CO2 and forms the product acetyl-coenzyme A as a result of oxidation of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and water in the citric acid cycle within the mitochrondia.   Glycolysis occurs in the cellular cytoplasm and the Krebs Cycle and oxidative phosphorylation occur in the mitochondria.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Glycolysis results in the formation of fructose from glucose and the formation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate and compounds along the pathway on the way to splitting the resulting 6-carbon compound into two three carbon units of pyruvate.   In the process, NAD+ serves as a hydrogen carrier and is reduced to NADH, the oxidized form of NAD+. In the cell, the oxidation of aldehyde to carboxylic acid is very complex and strongly exergonic and is generally coupled to ATP synthesis.   Glucose goes to Glu-6-P to Fructose with the breakdown of two ATP molecules.   Fructose gives rise to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate which is ultimately splite in a complex reaction chain to phosphoglycerate, phosphoenolpyruvate which is finally split into two molecules of pyruvate by pyruvate and the regeneration of the two ATP molecules previously utilized. Glycolysis Figure 1. Embden-Meryhof-Parnas pathway, also known as glycolysis.   Reproduced from Michael W. King, Wednesday, 22-Mar-2006. The Citric Acid Cycle   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Citric Acid Cycle (Figure 2) is the most complex of the three components associated with carbohydrate metabolism and the consumption of food.   It involves the following eight enzymes and the components they use as substrate:   Citrate Synthase, Aconitase, Isocitrate Dehydrogense, alpha-ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase, Succinyl-CoA Synthetase, Succinate Dehydrogenase, Fumarase, Malate Dehydrogenase.   The generation of acetyl-CoA from carbohydrates is a major control point of the Krebs cycle.   Therefore, glycolysis and the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis, PFK, play a role in the control of the Krebs cycle.   The oxidation of an acetyl group is a difficult chemical process and may be the reason that nature developed the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCAC), also known as the Citric Acid Cycle and the Krebs Cycle. The Krebs cycle begins when the products of glycolysis leave the cytoplasm (cytosol) and enter the mitochondria.   Once glycogen or glucose have been broken down into two three carbon units of pyruvate, the pyruvate can be further broken down into a high energy compound called acetyl-CoA resulting in the production of CO2 and water.   Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate (also spelled oxalacetate) to form the 6 carbon compound citrate.   From this condensation reaction, a complex array of biochemical reactions take place that involve various molecular transformations such as isomerizations and molecular rearrangements. These various steps result in transformations from the 6-carbon condensation that gave rise to citrate and subsequent 6-carbon units of cis-aconitate, isocitrate to a five carbon unit of alpha-ketoglutarate to the four carbon units of succinate, fumarate, malate and oxaloacetate which, once regenerated is available to combine with another high energy acetyl-CoA and form another unit of citrate under the influence of the enzyme citrate synthetase.   After citrate is formed, two carbon atoms are removed as CO2 as the various TCAC intermediates are formed leading to the regeneration of the 4-carbon oxaloacetate. There are several oxidation steps on the way to the reformation of oxaloacetate.   Each step feeds reducing agents, either NADH or FADH, into the cycle on the way to regenerating oxaloacetate from citrate.   The reducing agents (or reducing equivalents) remove hydrogen from the enzyme substrates.   So, the reducing agents serve as a pool of hydrogen carriers and allow for the further synthesis of ATP during electron transport.   The TCAC results in the production of 2 ATP molecules, 10 carrier molecules and CO2 from each molecule of glucose. Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle Figure 2. Glycolysis and the Krebs Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCAC).   Reproduced  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   from David R. Caprette, 2005. Electron Transport   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The complex molecules that were reduced during the Krebs Cycle are re-oxidized by means of the electron transport system. (Figure 3)   Although TCAC results in the production of 2 ATP molecules from each molecule of glucose, electron transport gives rise to 34 ATP molecules and water from the carrier molecules.   Therefore, the majority of the ATP in the cell must be produced in the mitochondria.   The re-oxidation of reduced NADH and FADH2 by O2 involves a sequence of electron carriers in what has become known as the electron transport chain.   It ultimately results in the generation of three molecules of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate for every oxygen molecule involved. This process is called oxidative phosphorylation and is the principal source of usable energy (in the form of ATP) in the cell.   It is provided by the breakdown of both carbohydrates and fats.   In the process, reduced NADH transfers a hydrogen atom plus two electrons (a hydride ion and H-).   Two complex molecules, NAD+ and FAD+, serve as the pool of hydrogen carriers and thus act reducing agents in the mitochondria; NAD+ is reduced to NADH and FAD is reduced to FADH2.   These compounds serve as electron carriers because their oxidation or reduction, the transfer of H+ (a proton), is accompanied by one or two of the electrons. The electrons donated from NADH or FADH2, upon entering this complex, travel from one carrier to the next, with each carrier being a somewhat more powerful oxidant than the previous one.   The hydrogen donated by the reducing agents combines with O2 such that with each molecule of O2 combines with 4 H+ to form water.   Therefore, two molecules of NADH must pass four electrons down the electron transport chain for each reduced oxygen molecule (O2). The chemical structures of the components of the electron transport chain fall into several distinct classes.   Most are proteins that contain special coenzymes called prosthetic groups.   Although they differ in chemical structure, a major difference between NADH and FADH2 is that NADH difuses freely between the dehydrogenases transfer hydrogen to it whereas FAD+ and FADH2 do not.   Another class of electron carriers in the mitochondrial membranes is iron-sulfur [Fe-S] clusters that are bound to proteins and release Fe3+ or Fe2+ plus H2S when acidified.   All of the carriers only appear to carry one electron at a time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ubiquinone or Coenzyme Q is a third hydrogen carrier localized in the mitochondrial membranes.   It is a common electron carrier that collects electrons from three or more points of input along the electron transport chain and passes them to molecular oxygen.   Unlike the other mitochondrial electron carriers, ubiquinone is not uniquely associated with proteins.   The cytochromes are a final class of electron carrier localized in the mitochondrial membrane.   Cytochromes are small, chemically distinct proteins that contain heme.   Like the other electron transport agents, the cytochromes only carry a single electron.   Cytochromes pass electrons from cyt bcyt ccyt acyt a3O2 Electron Transport/Oxidative Phosphorylation Figure 3.   Electron Transport during Oxidative Phosphorylation.   Reproduced from M. W. King, 2001. Summary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The pathways discussed here involve food consumption and energy utilization arising from food consumption.   Once food is taken in and reaches the stomach, it enters the body and the cells of the body.   Before digestion, food consists of complex, long chain molecules that must be broken during digestion beginning in the mouth and continuing in the stomach.   Once digested food reaches the cells, long chain molecules such as starch and other complex carbohydrates are further broken down into glucose.   Glucose, a six carbon compound, undergoes the process of glycolysis in the cellular cytoplasm to become two three carbon units of pyruvate. Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate goes to lactic acid or ethanol, but in the presence of oxygen, pyruvate breaks down into a two-carbon compound, Acetyl-CoA and enters the Krebs Cycle.   There, food can be used to form energy for the cell in the form of ATP.   In the mitochondria, 36 molecules of ATP are formed for each molecule of O2.   Two ATP molecules arise from the Krebs cycle and 34 molecules arise from electron transport for each molecule of oxygen.   Thus, food consumed and oxygen taken in combine to replenish the energy supplies in the body in the form of ATP. References Caprette, David R.   Substrate Oxidation:   Krebs Reactions.   Experimental Biosciences 31 May, 2005.   The Krebs Cycle:   http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~bioslabs/studies/mitochondria/mitokrebs.html, Thursday, 7 June 2007. King, Michael W. Digestion of Dietary Carbohydrates.   Wednesday, 22-Mar-2006 Glycolysis: http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/glycolysis.html, Thursday, 7 June 2007 King, Michael W. Principals of Reduction/Oxidation (Redox) Reactions. Friday, 30 Mar-2007.   Oxidative Phosphorylation:   http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/oxidative-phosphorylation.html, Thursday, 7 June 2007.

Family Support Programme for ICU Patient Relatives

Family Support Programme for ICU Patient Relatives Constantin Vintilescu From DNP Online Community Davidson, E., Daly, J., Brady, R. Higgins, P. (2010). Facilitated Sensemaking A Feasibility Study for the Provision of a Family Support Program in the Intensive Care Unit. Critical Care Nurse Journal 33 (2) 177-189. Introduction / Purpose Evidence has shown that family members of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients develop anxiety, depression, or post-traumatic stress syndrome -like symptoms. Paparrigopoulos (2006), Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) (2006) and the Society of Critical Care Medicine recommend family-centered care, but few studies demonstrate successful interventions to â€Å"decrease the ad ­verse psychological effect of critical illness on the family.â€Å" (Azoulay, 2005) This project served to examine the feasibility of such interven ­tions, and as a pilot program to investigate research procedures before the design of a controlled trial. Derived from business leadership models, â€Å"Facilitated Sensemaking,† provided the theoretical framework for the interventions: family members experience a disruption in their lives when a loved one is admitted to the ICU; they adjust with a compensatory process that may be influenced by nursing interventions. Methods The ‘Family Support Pro ­gram’ was developed consisting of personalized instructions delivered a clinical nurse specialist, and a family visiting kit in zip-locked plastic bag consisting of: a workbook including program introduction and instructions, cognitive recovery activities, activities to perform at the bedside including passive range of motion exercises, and personal care items. The program was offered to 30 consecutive families in a 32 bed â€Å"mixed-use ICU. All participants were English-speaking adult family members of mechanically ventilated adult ICU patients. To evaluate feasibility, data was collected on program acceptance, time of personal instruction, use of items in the family visiting kit, and family perception of program usefulness. In piloting the research procedure: a Family Sup ­port Program evaluation, and adapted Critical Care Family Needs Inventory (aCCFNI) was administered and psychometric properties of the instrument the reliability and validity of the questioner and scoring method were assessed. A convenience sample is a study of subjects taken from a group that is conveniently accessible to a researcher. One advantage of this is that it is easy to access, requiring little effort and time. This sampling method suffers from a major disadvantage in that it is not an accurate representation of the population, which can skew results quite radically. Use of a convenience sample is quite popular and prevalent, however, and it can be valid under certain conditions. Biases and Flaws Any number of biases can occur in a convenience sample. By selecting from a specific population such as students enrolled in Sociology 101, people visiting a mall between 10:00 am and 2:00 pm on Saturdays, or library patrons, the study inadvertently excludes a great deal of the population. Choosing only students in a particular classroom at a certain university can easily exclude certain portions of the general populace, such as children or those without the financial means to attend the school. Such exclusions are not always a problem. For example, a study on library patrons could easily take a convenience sample of people at a certain library and generalize the results. On the other hand, a study on social attitudes toward people with disabilities should not use only the students in a sociology class, which does not necessarily represent an accurate cross-section of the population. This inability to accurately generalize the results of such a group makes it ineffective for many studies. Researchers who want more valid results typically take a probability sample, which attempts to get an accurate representation of the population. It is not generally possible to study everyone, but it is possible to randomly assign people to a study with an eye toward retaining a balance of characteristics seen in the population in general. For example, organizations that conduct political polling usually try to draw on a large database of people and select subjects randomly. This randomization increases the chances of a more accurate pool forming to produce results that can be better generalized. If a convenience sample is used, researchers typically disclose this fact. Good research usually includes a detailed overview of the sampling techniques used, so that people reading about it have a better understanding of how it was conducted. When revealing that a convenience sample was used, the researcher may also present justifications for its use and defend its accuracy. Evaluation / Analysis Standard statistical methods were applied using SPSS. Each aCCFNI item was ranked in order of importance using a weighted average analysis to measure â€Å"the importance of the need and how well that need was met† (Davidson 2010). The Family Sup ­port Program evaluation questioner was in the same way analyzed with descriptive statistics. Results Of the thirty family members approached for the Family Support Program, all consented to participate. 22 surveys were returned. Quantitative analyses of the aCCFNI results determine all 45 needs had some importance. Likewise, all items offered within the family visiting kits were found useful to some fam ­ily members. 42 Referrals to ancillary services were made for the 30 family members. Discussion / Conclusion Like previous research, this study demonstrated the importance of each of the 45-aCCFNI needs. A list of top 10 needs was also identified and corresponds with work by other researchers. Several non-generalizable opportunities for unit-specific performance improvement, including parking and other transportation related areas of stress were identified. 27% of family members who participated in the study did not to complete the surveys. The authors speculate that, â€Å"the early critical care period may be too stressful to concentrate on writing.† Only two family members were observed writing in the provided workbook even though the workbook was reported as helpful on the program evaluation questioner. The authors point-out similar phenomenon demonstrated in the literature (Kloos 2008). The small sample size was identified as a study limitation. Results of this study are â€Å"also limited to English-speaking adult family members of mechanically ventilated patients† (Davidson 2010). The contents of the family visiting kits were re ­fined with feedback received from family members during the study. It was suggested to build a ‘family supply cart’ to wheeled around the unit and offer supplies to family members. Operational issues During the study, many unit-specific issues arose regarding current practice and were for ­warded to the leadership team for action. For example, while screening patients for inclu ­sion into the study, the investigator discovered that many patients did not have family mem ­bers or visitors. A visiting ministry to meet the social needs of those patients has been suggested. Nurses and families alike were unaware of the hospital’s family room in the medical li ­brary equipped with an Internet-connected computer and handy hot-linked Web sites as well as novels. Because of study refer ­rals, the librarian reported an increased use in the family room (M. Robinson, personal oral communication, September 30, 2007). An informational sheet of family-friendly med ­ical information sites was prepared for in ­clusion in the visiting kit and later use. A note card explaining library services was de ­veloped, printed, and stocked in the waiting areas. As found in studies by Lautrette et al,31 Melnyk et al,14 Jones et al,13 and Kloos and Daly,33 family members appreciate supportive interventions that are multimodal in nature, both verbal and written. In this study, families also self-reported and it was observed that tac ­tile interventions using common household items for hands-on bedside activities were a welcome addition to the family support services. CONCLUSION The Family Support Program based on the model of facilitated sensemaking is not only feasible but also helpful to family members of mechanically vented, adult ICU patients. The demonstrated reliability of the aCCFNI supports its continued use in identifying im ­portant needs and evaluating whether those needs are met for families of ICU patients. An overall score weighting importance and needs-met for each item aided in ranking op ­portunities for improvement. Future research is warranted to continue evaluation of the Fa ­cilitated Sensemaking theory and measure ef ­fect of these interventions on outcomes (eg, anxiety, depression, symptoms suggestive of risk for posttraumatic stress). Inclusion of this nursing intervention is warranted to assist family members in communicating with the patient as part of the list of bedside activi ­ties. Future study design should be expanded to other cultures or patient groups. Educa ­tional programs targeted to provide instruc ­tion f or nurses on how to include family mem ­bers into daily practice are also warranted. The time the lead investigator spent per fam ­ily in supportive interactions appeared rea ­sonable for inclusion into the bedside nurse’s practice. Feasibility was further supported in that family members accepted and used the inter ­ventions that were based on concepts of the Facilitated Sensemaking model. Information to assist with decoding by explaining equip ­ment, alarms, and surroundings was notably accepted. Instructions for interacting with or assisting ICU patients were appreciated. The provision of personal care supplies was found to be most helpful and useful. Verbal instruc ­tions and hands-on activities were preferred over journaling activities. References Azoulay, E., Pochard, F., Kentish-Barnes, N. et al. (2005). Risk of post-traumatic stress symptoms in family members of intensive care unit patients. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine .171 (9): 987-994 Paparrigopoulos, T., Melissaki, A., Efthymiou, A. et al.(2006).Short-term psychological impact on family members of intensive care unit patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research.61 (5):719-722

The Necessity of Marrying Well in Jane Austens Sense and Sensibility E

In Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility, the necessity of marrying well is one of the central themes. In Austen’s era a woman’s survival depended on her potential to acquire an affluent partner. This meant a choice of marrying for love and quite possibly starve, or marry a securing wealthy person, there was a risk of marrying someone who you might despise. Passage One, portrays the relationship between Marianne and Willoughby. Marianne was blinded by her love, ‘He was exactly formed to engage Marianne’s heart.’ Marianne is someone who can show no concern for wealth if she believes she has found true love. Willoughby was estimated to be ‘Faultless as in Marianne’ Willoughby was all that Marianne fancied, her affection for him was beyond everything else. This is rather ironic for Willoughby the man she loves holds a wholly contradicting viewpoint on the matter. Willoughby is willing to sacrifice even the greatest of loves if it cannot secure status and wealth. Passage one also indicates the necessity of marrying well. Mrs. Dashwood illustrates a shallow reaction to the situation ...

My Name Is Asher Lev Essay example -- essays research papers

Asher Lev Essay: Minor characters are central to our understanding of any text. Analyse their significance in My Name Is Asher Lev. Central to our understanding of â€Å"My name is Asher Lev† by Chaim Potok, is the dynamics of Asher’s relationship with different minor characters involved. Each minor character such as Yudel Krinsky, Uncle Yitzchok, the Rebbe, and Jacob Kahn each help Asher in a different way allowing the reader to interpret the text more thoroughly. Their guidance to the antagonist creates a vivid image inside the reader’s mind of the type of character and their importance to our understanding of the text. Each minor character listed has a deep impact on the resolution of Asher Lev  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yudel Krinsky is a Russian Jew from Siberia, in Russia. When he arrives in Brooklyn he is very grateful towards Asher’s father. â€Å"Did you know Asher that your father is an angel of God?† he says. When Asher first meets Yudel Krinsky his curiosity about Serbia and Yudel Krinsky begins. This curiosity soon makes him ask more and more questions about Yudel. â€Å"We saw a Jew from Russia,† he says to Mrs. Rackover. When asked about Siberia Mrs. Rackover replies, â€Å"What is Siberia? It is a land like the inside of this refrigerator. It is a land of ice and darkness where the Russian government sends people it hates. What is Siberia? No-one should know of it.† This gives a good impression to the reader the torment and struggle Yudel must have felt when living in Siberia. Asher of course does not view this information lightly and wishes to seek more answers about Yudel and Russian Jews. â€Å"The son of Reb Aryeh Lev,† is the name Asher is referred to during the beginning journeys of to Yudel’s store. It is important to note he is called the son of Aryeh Lev because they don’t really know each other but later called ‘Asher’. On the first encounter Asher does not ask Yudel any questions. On the second encounter though Asher begins to ask Yudel questions relating to the news in Russia and the relationship between Yudel and Asher begins to bloom like a rose bud. On the next encounters to Yudel’s store, Yudel starts addressing Asher as ‘Asher’ and not ‘the son of Aryeh Lev’. Asher seems almost attracted to the store and is mesmerized by the metal glass showcase of oils and paints. When Asher steals the oils because he can’t afford them, Yudel starts nurturi... ...en’t for Jacob’s significant contribution by offering Asher help and criticism Asher would have never prospered as a great painter. Throughout the text â€Å"My name is Asher Lev† by Chaim Potok, minor characters of Jacob Kahn, the Rebbe, Uncle Yitzchok and Yudel Krinsky are central to our understanding of the text. Each character plays a significant part in the artistic progress of Asher Lev and allows him to reach a level of artistic talent at a young age. Their description and techniques used to describe them help the reader interpret the text thoroughly as they have an understanding of the type of character. Each minor character is as vital as the other as without one character Asher may not have been able to accomplish his great feats. Their contributions to Asher through either materials or advice are essential for Asher to establish himself as a great painter. Each character’s actions helping Asher succeed and also attributes to the tension created between themselves and Aryeh Lev which eventually results in the downfall of the Lev household. The minor characters are in essence the key to our understanding as each evaluates Asher’s feelings, emotions, and frustrations of art.

Chopins Lilacs and the Story of the Annunciation :: Chopin Lilacs Essays

Chopin's Lilacs and the Story of the Annunciation  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   When the theologian Elisabeth Schussler Fiorenza writes that the myth of the Virgin Mary "sanctions a deep psychological and institutional split" (59) among women in the Catholic tradition, she captures what Kate Chopin also captured in her story "Lilacs." There, sisterhood between secular and religious women appears fragmented and nearly impossible. To scrutinize the division, Kate Chopin fashions her story around the portion of the Virgin Mary myth told in St. Luke's gospel of the Annunciation of the birth of Jesus spoken to Mary by the archangel Gabriel. Working with that text, "Lilacs" mocks a tradition prizing virginity and separating the cloistered from the secular. Irony prevails, but so too does the sorrow born of religious restraint and condemnation. From the tension in the Annunciation between the virginal and the non-virginal comes ages of women divided from one another on the basis of chastity and divided internally into spiritual and physical selves.    Chopin's "Lilacs" plays out this division on the grounds of a Sacred Heart convent and in the apartments of a Parisian mondaine to question whether a life almost wholly spiritual or a life almost wholly physical can be anything but the subject of ridicule. The narrator tempts us to enjoy the ridicule only to have us feel more painfully at the story's end the dolorous effects of con strained desire, effects which diminish both nun and secular woman.    As a story that draws so heavily on the details and symbols of the Annunciation story, "Lilacs," we could assume, would want to remind us of Mary's (and, by extension, woman's) salvific role as the vessel chosen by God to ensure humankind's redemption. But "Lilacs" fails to announce the good news for women as it sees too clearly that what was salvific for humankind ended up dividing women within themselves and within the Catholic tradition because of that tradition's insistence on Mary's virginity before and after childbirth. This insistence separated the ideal virginal mother from real women and mothers whose joyously experienced sexuality closed the doors to work within the clerical ministry even until today. The Annunciation story for Kate Chopin is a story told at the expense of women's sexuality and spirituality, full and complementary as they might have been. The notion of a failed annunciation, then, opens "Lilacs": "Mme. Adrienne Farival never announced her coming.

Hippotherapy

Plan of the project: 1) What is hippotherapy? 2) Analysis of the organization 3) SWOT analysis 4) Target Audience 5) Objectives PR campaign 6) Task of PR campaign 7) Plan of the PR program 8) Work plan of preparation for the conference â€Å"Hippotherapy-riding to health† 9) Information for controllable mass media 10) Information for non-controllable mass media 11) Budget 12) Press kit: * Press release * Information about organization * Biography of the CEO * List of quotations * Logo * Questionnaire for journalistsWhat is hippotherapy? About hippotherapy known since the time of Hippocrates. He claimed that the wounded and the sick get better faster if they ride on horseback, and melancholic part with their dark thoughts. In the middle of the XVIII century the encyclopedist Denis Diderot, in his treatise: â€Å"About riding and what it means to maintain health and to find it again†, wrote: â€Å"Among the exercise the first place belongs to ride. It can be used to trea t many diseases, but may also prevent them befores they appear. Hippotherapy is a comprehensive and multi-method of rehabilitation, a form of physiotherapy (physical therapy), where tools for rehabilitation are the horse, the process of riding and exercising that a person does during riding. While riding all the major muscle groups of the body receive a work out. This occurs at a reflex level, because sitting on the horse, moving along with it, the person instinctively tries to keep the balance not to fall off the horse, and thus encourages the active work of both healthy and affected muscles, without noticing it.Hippotherapy is the only type of treatment when the patient may not understand that he is treated, riding and communication with the horse becomes a game. Psychogenic factor increases the ability to adapt to reality. For a person with a mental disorder, the position on a horse becomes winning – â€Å"I above, but they below†. All the fundamental principles of psychotherapy – a unity of place and characters, the unity of time and unity of action – stay complied. Hippotherapy is effective in: †¢ Cerebral palsy. †¢ Orthopedic syndromes. †¢ Disorders of the musculoskeletal system that result from paralysis and other lesions of the central nervous system. Lesions of the senses – blindness, deafness. †¢ Disorders of posture, scoliosis †¢ Malformations of the limbs. †¢ Various forms of intellectual disability resulting from organic or genetic diseases. †¢ Down syndrome. †¢ Violations of the psycho-emotional sphere: * Autism * Neuroses * Mental retardation * Schizophrenia * Emotional disorders * Social maladjustment * Syndrome of hyperactivity * The state of anxiety The process of riding improves blood circulation and breathing, it involves the work of almost all the muscles and tendons, ligaments and joints of the body.This is particularly important for autistic people, who cannot be motor-active without stimulation from the outside – not counting their stereotypical movements. The horseback riding includes training of overall coordination, maintaining balance and responsiveness. It trains senses and a deep sensitivity. Through the senses different stimuli are taken and accumulated. The horse becomes a link between the inner world of the person and the surrounding reality. Communion of human and horse is a full chain of communicative feedback between person and the outside world, which allows a person to perceive reality more wholly.Analysis of the organization: Hippotherapy center SPIRIT was established in 2010 in Kiev, by a group of enthusiasts with the support of Children's Psychological Center. The center has eight experts: three hostlers and 5 hippotherapy specialists. It is located in the city of Kiev. The center has its own space: the manege – 900 m? , 200 m? stable, cafe 35 m? and public spaces of 30 m?. In the property of hippotherapy cen ter SPIRIT there are ten horses. An average weekly visits of the center 50 people. The cost of training is 40 UAH. An annual income from services of the organization is 96,000 UAH.An annual income from conferences and seminars is 250,000 UAH. Expenditure on the horses and the activities of the center is 600 000 UAH. The difference between the revenue and expenditure of the budget is covered by the Center of State Support, donations from individuals and charitable organizations, including  «American Hippotherapy Association ». To date, the HC SPIRIT has an opportunity to conduct 90 classes per week and is planning in two years to expand the area of the base in half and increase the number of horses to 15. SWOT analysis StrengthsEnthusiasm, love of horses, the desire to help people, professional knowledge and experience in the field of hippotherapy, specialists in medicine, such as: rehabilitation, neurology, psychotherapy and psychology. Existence of its own space in Kiev and tr ained horses. The support of the Children's Psychological Center. Weaknesses Material and technical infrastructure is not powerful enough to meet the demand for the services of the organization. Opportunities Prepared strong scientific base on a global level. The growing interest to hippotherapy of the target audience.The development of social orientation in sport, community and government organizations. Growth of financial capacity of the target audience through the creation and development of relevant charities, philanthropy and government support in recent years. Threats Unstable economic situation, the high cost of maintenance of horses (feeding, treatment, ammunition), high rates for advertising. Target Audience The target audiences for PR action are parents of children with specific diseases at whose treatment the hippotherapy is aimed.The scientific community is interested in the exchange of information in the study of hippotherapy. Ukrainian and international governmental an d non-governmental organizations that are related to the specific theme. Objectives PR campaign At this stage, the Organization aims to increase attendance in half and increase organizational effectiveness for the treatment of profile diseases, which, in turn, increase the interest in the work of the HC SPIRIT of the Ukrainian and international governmental and charitable organizations and increase their funding in the center.This will enhance the material and technical base of the center and go to the free form of treatment for patients. Also, the expansion of international recognition will help the exchange of scientific information and enhance the effectiveness of treatment. Task of PR campaign Improve the knowledge about the HC SPIRIT of potential customers, Ukrainian and international governmental and charitable organizations. Enhance the image of the center as an open, social-oriented organization with professional, scientific approach to work and the desire to develop.Plan of the PR program: 09:00 – 09:30 Registration of Journalists Meeting with the guests near the Hotel â€Å"MIR†, departure to the HC SPIRIT 09:30 – 10:00 Opening. Speeches by the President of the Equestrian Federation of Ukraine A. Onishchenko and the Deputy Head of the department of Reform and Development of medicine N. Hobzey. 10:00 – 11:00 A scientific conference on â€Å"Hippotherapy in the treatment of cerebral palsy. † Speakers: Professor A. Denisenko (Ukraine), neurologist, Professor D. Tsverava (Georgia) 11:00 – 12:00 Coffee Break 2:00 – 13:30 A scientific conference on â€Å"Hippotherapy in diseases of the musculoskeletal system† Speakers: Professor M. Rukhadze (Georgia), Professor Naomi Robert (USA) 13:30 – 14:00 Lunch 14:00 – 14:30 Reception of children from Rehabilitation Center 14:30 – 16:00 Master Class. Hold by prof. Naomi Robert and prof. D. Tsverava. The program includes: practical lessons wit h children demonstrating different methods of hippotherapy in cerebral palsy, scoliosis, osteochondrosis 16:00 – 16:30 Departure of children to rehabilitation center.Coffee break 16:30 – 17:00 Communication with visitors. Questions and answers 17:00 Departure of guests from HC SPIRIT to the Hotel â€Å"MIR† End of program. Information for controllable mass media: For â€Å"Horses† & â€Å"What’s On† Magazines: â€Å"Hippotherapy – riding to health† – the slogan of charity event for children with disabilities. Nowadays it is great to hear about different kinds of charity events that are going on in all parts of the world. We are not an exception, being heard in Ukraine.A charity event is going to take place in Kiev, organized by volunteers and Hippotherapy center SPIRIT. It is an event for children with mental disabilities from rehabilitation center. Do we hear about hippotherapy every day? It is a form of physical, occup ational and speech therapy in which a therapist uses the characteristic movements of a horse to provide carefully graded motor and sensory input. Hippotherapy is also used in speech and language pathology. This method uses a horse to accomplish traditional speech, language, cognitive, and swallowing goals.Using hippotherapy, appropriate sensory processing strategies have been integrated into the treatment to facilitate successful communication. So, basically we can help the children without them even noticing it. The charity event is taking place on 6 April 2013. Children are transported from the rehabilitation center right to the HC SPIRIT. The parents are also invited to receive more information about the therapy. Professors and doctors prepare speeches about what is hippotherapy and how it can be used as a treatment for the child.The event is sponsored by the following organizations: the Equestrian Federation, Hippotherapy center SPIRIT, the Ministry of Labor and Social Policy of Ukraine, the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Children's Psychological Center and American Hippotherapy Association. Information for non-controllable mass media: An event devoted to hippotherapy, which helps children with mental disabilities from Kiev rehabilitation center, is going to take place on the 6th of April 2013 in HC SPIRIT. Sponsors, doctors and professors, parents and children, as well as authorities are going to be present at this event.The main goal is to attract the society’s attention to children with disabilities and to inform guests about advantages of hippotherapy. The project is sponsored and supported by: the Equestrian Federation, Hippotherapy center SPIRIT, the Ministry of Labor and Social Policy of Ukraine, the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Children's Psychological Center and American Hippotherapy Association. Budget 1. Coffee-break Program| Number of participants| Coffee-break menu| Quantity| Price per unit UAH| Total priceUAH| Price to payUAH| Source of financing| Coffee- break 1| 50? Coffee| 100 | 5 | 500| 4250| American Hippotherapy Association| | | Tea| 100| 5 | 500| | | | | Cookies| 10| 15 | 150| | | | | Sandwiches| 150| 10 | 1500| | | | | Server| 2| 300| 600| | | | | Transportation| | 500| 500| | | | | Other| | 500| 500| | | Coffee-break 2| 50? | Coffee| 100 | 5 | 500| 2750| American Hippotherapy Association| | | Tea| 100| 5 | 500| | | | | Cookies| 10| 15 | 150| | | | | Sandwiches| 150| 10 | 1500| | | Lunch| 50? | Coffee| 100| 5| 500| 2820| HC SPIRIT| | | Tea| 100| 5| 500| | | | | Set lunch| 52| 35| 1820| | | 5 doctors, 5 officials, 10 journalists, 10 personnel, 20 clients, 10 others 2. Transportation Transport| Number of people| Route| Price UAH| Total price UAH| Source of financing| Minibus for children| 10| Rehabilitation center – HC SPIRITHC SPIRIT – Rehabilitation center| 600| 1200| Ministry of Labor and Social Policy| Minibus for guests (doctors and specialists)| 5| Hotel – HC SPIRITHC SPIRIT â⠂¬â€œ Hotel| 600| 600| Ministry of Health| 3. Hotel | Number of people| Number of nights| Price per night UAH| Total Price| Source of financing| Guests (doctors and specialists)| 5| 2| 500| 5000| Ministry of Health| . Presents for children Type of present| Number of presents| Price per unit UAH| Total price UAH| Source of financing| Assorted candies| 50 packages| 40| 2000| American Hippotherapy Association| Books for painting| 50| 40| 2000| | 5. Mass-media Type of mass-media| Type of service| Number of advertisement| Price UAH| Total price UAH| Source of financing| Magazine â€Å"Zdorovie†| Order a special article| One page + three photo| 2000| 2800| Children's Psychological Center| Web-site zdorovbud. com. a| Placing an article| | 800| | | Photograph | | | 500| 500| Equestrian Federation| 6. Advertisement materials Type of advertisement| Type of work| Number of materials| Price UAH| Total price UAH| Source of financing| Prospect, press release? | Layout, printing| 100| 1200| 1200| HC SPIRIT| Prospect of the conference showing sponsors? | Layout, printing| 300| 1500| 1500| Equestrian Federation| Brochure with materials about hippotherapy? | Layout, printing| 100| 2500| 2500| Ministry of Health| Internet banner? | Creating, placement on websites zdorovbud. om. uamedical. us | | 800| 800| HC SPIRIT| ? Distributed four months before the conference to the media, charitable organizations, social organizations, in order to find sponsors. ? Distributed three months before the conference in the profile of medical institutions and doctors. ? Issued after the  conference to all interested and distributed to the profile Medical Institutions. ? Placed a month before the conference on  websites: zdorovbud. com. ua, medical. us and Equestrian Federation site. 7. Medical and Police supportDepartment| Type of service| Price UAH| Total price UAH| Source of financing| Medical| Emergency brigade on duty| 1500| 3000| Ministry of Health| Police| Escort of the bus with c hildren| 1500| | | Total expenditures Organization| Expenditures UAH| HC SPIRIT| 4,820| Ministry of Health| 11,100| Equestrian Federation| 2,000| Children's Psychological Center| 2,800| Ministry of Labor and Social Policy| 1,200| American Hippotherapy Association| 11,000| Total| 32,920| Press kit Press release Horse as doctor and friend for your children. Hippo therapy- new way of treating children with disabilities. Hippotherapy-riding to health† is the slogan of the charity event which is taking place on 6 April, 2013 in Hippotherapy center SPIRIT. The main goal is to inform parents and doctors about the advantages of such treatment. The event attracts society’s attention to children with disabilities. Its aim is to attract more financial help from government, business people and charity organizations. At the beginning the President of the Equestrian Federation of Ukraine A. Onishchenko and the Deputy Head of the department of Reform and Development of medicine N.Hobz ey will present speeches about the importance of such events. The topics of the conference are â€Å"Hippotherapy in the treatment of cerebral palsy† and â€Å"Hippotherapy in diseases of the musculoskeletal system†. Among the special guests neurologist Professor A. Denisenko (Ukraine), Professor D. Tsverava (Georgia), Professor M. Rukhadze (Georgia), Professor Naomi Robert (USA). Expected number of guests is around 50. The program with horses for children includes practical lessons demonstrating different methods of hippotherapy in cerebral palsy, scoliosis, osteochondrosis.The project is financed by Equestrian Federation, Hippo therapy center SPIRIT, Ministry of Labor and Social Policy of Ukraine, Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Children's Psychological Center and American Hippotherapy Association. Contact information: Hippotherapy center SPIRIT Phones: 099-155-24-54, 096-295-95-45, 093-401-36-94 e-mail: spirit. [email  protected] com Information about organization The idea of the project was developed by three students of the International Christian University-Kiev. Hippo therapy center SPIRIT was pleased to help in organizing this event on their part.That’s why the project has a form of charity event. Center SPIRIT was founded in 2010 in Kiev by a group of enthusiasts with the support of the Children's Psychiatric Center. Experts of the center hold higher education degrees and have been trained on the course â€Å"Hippotherapy for children's diseases† abroad. At the center work professional psychologists, rehabilitation specialists, neurologist. Horses are specifically purchased for use in hippotherapy and are trained by professional athletes. We care about safety. Classes are held with the participation of three people: the ringleader, hippotherapist and assistant to hippotherapist.Biography of the CEO Director of the Hippotherapy center Spirit, Anna Burago, established the center in 2010. Prior to that, she took a course â₠¬Å"Rehabilitation of patients with limited ability† at Medics’ Retraining Facility of People’s Friendship University of Russia. She is a specialist in rehabilitation. In May 2010 she completed a course in â€Å"Ridetherapy in Children’s Diseases† and got a qualification of instuctor of hippotherapy at Tbilisi Medical Academy. Every year the center organizes special events regarding hippotherapy. List of quotationsA parent says about the results of therapy: â€Å"The biggest change for Maxim has been the area of speech. Before the hippotherapy, he could say only a few words clearly and would attempt speech only if it was modeled for him. After only four sessions, Maxim speaks about 20 words clearly and is making approximations of several more, sometimes spontaneously. Something extraordinary happens to Maxim when he is up on that horse. The feeling of the rhythm of the horse walking seems to be helping Maxim’s brain organize what it needs to make speech happen. † Professor M.Rukhadze tells about the difference of hippotherapy from clinics: â€Å"Hippotherapy takes the patient out of the traditional clinical setting and places them into a more relaxed, yet stimulating atmosphere in order to help them meet their functional goals. Patients are in a natural environment, which may help integrate their needs into everyday life experiences. Children, who are sensitive to being â€Å"different†, do not consider the riding environment to be a clinic. † Logo Questionnaire for journalists 1. Name and last name 2. Company 3. Phone number 4. E-mail