Examinations a Fair Gauge?

Examinations are a fair gauge of a student’s ability. Discuss. Scholastic tests are unjust barometers for students’ aptitudes as they are one-off gauges of understanding of the subjects, which may be unfair as psychological factors could come into play. Moreover, students with a clearer perception of the standard methods and types of questions will excel better than others, meaning that scoring well for an examination will not just be based on ability of application for a subject but rather on knowledge of examination skills.Also, the varying views of different markers on a qualitative script may incur a range of possible grades, questioning the validity of the supposedly uniform marking scheme. As such, ability takes a backseat to conditioning. However, a formal stable system is still required for sectoring the society into their different intellectual strata. Every student sits for the same paper with similar schedules, thus the test is still considered impartial on a constricted level. Examinations are not fair as they are one-off opportunities for students to prove themselves.Students prone to panic will be put at a great disadvantage, as these psychological factors will cause these students to be nervous and blank out during the examination, sabotaging their performance and causing them to score badly despite their sufficient preparation and adequate knowledge. The test will thus be reflecting a distorted gauge of ability. Also, others not so well prepared might even score better as a consequence, reflecting the unfairness of this system of education and of using one-off examinations as barometers to test the students’ understanding.It would thus be much fairer should examinations be carried out in an extended period of time separated into various components, where the students’ potentials, aptitudes and attitudes can be more accurately judged and rewarded. This system of education encourages practicing past year papers aimed to master these examinations, and not so the subject. Students are asked to familiarize themselves with the standard methods of answering repeated types of questions originally set with the intention of testing a student’s response to an unexpected problem. This irony of predicting and practicing uestions, which are not supposed to be expected in the first place, sheds light on how tests are used to assess the handling of test skills rather than the plain understanding of subjects, which is twisted in the ideology of education. Other students not having acquired these examination skills despite possessing the depth of the subject will still fare worse than those who lack in understanding but master the examination skills and apply the content in a fixed and conditioned manner. Examinations are thus unfair, as the marking scheme does not only include ability as the criteria for good grades.This system also does not fully encourage critical analysis and application, which are muc h needed qualities for the working world. Examinations on qualitative papers such as literature or art are also not easy to measure in terms of marks unlike quantitative papers such as mathematics. Qualitative papers are subjective, as personal opinions are required and everyone is bound to have different outlooks. These differing viewpoints of markers would cause a great range of possible marks for the very same script, blurring the lines between right and wrong.Perceptions would thus cause the marking scheme to be rather unstable, and not only aptitude would be factoring the resulting grade achieved. Luck would be part of the picture, showing us how examinations would then be a fallacy to the promise of equality. The differing styles schools adopt to teach the students also play a part in how they perform at the end of their learning journey in the major international examinations. Different tips and tricks teachers impart to students will have a great impact on the grades at the end. Thus, teachers are a factor in how well the students do in the examinations.The teacher is responsible for bringing out the qualities required and building upon the skills, creating a holistic, balanced education for the child. Everyone has the ability to score well in the examination. It is just a matter of whether it is brought out or not. This thus creates the leverage some students hold above the rest, which raises irony in the idea of equality in examinations. If the preparation is not fair in itself, obviously, the result will thus definitely differ accordingly. It is then not a matter of ability and potential anymore, but rather the effect brought out by teachers.Examination is thus unfair as a gauge of ability. However, a formal system of separating students into their different stages of potential and understanding is still required in the society to ensure that careers in the future will be properly executed to grant the best economical outcome with full utilization o f human resources. This system is fair, as everyone sits for the same paper with the same schedule so not one person gets extra time to study for the examinations, or get to breathe better air or see better greenery to achieve higher grades.The constant physical factors involved in a sitting thus ensure equality reigns in the examination hall. Also, cheating is heavily penalized in this competitive learning arena, so everyone sits for the examination with the facts and figures all in their heads and the application skills all picked up within them already, thus their source of inspiration for the subjective papers and the pool of knowledge they get their examples and content from all resonates from within, which presents to us equality as no one gets extra help in completing the questions.Although examinations are made as fair as possible, the extent of it is very restricted, as ability is something unique and individual with no two persons the same, thus causing inequality in the r esults of the examinations.

Classification of Shoes

There are many people, such as myself, who collect shoes for the sake of collecting them. With various styles and uses, many individuals have a collection of shoes to choose from. I prefer to classify my shoe collection into three separate categories, based on function. Each section has their specific uses which I define as work shoes, dress shoes, and sneaker type shoes. Classifying your shoe collection into categories can be very beneficial to keep organized, and saves me time when I am getting ready to leave the house. My first category is my work shoes.My work shoes all resemble work boots and/or hiking shoes, and may be steel-toed boots. I like to have a work shoe category because I enjoy having a different shoe for everyday of the week. I don’t have a strict uniform code at work, so I can change what outfits and shoes I wear from day to day. It is convenient having a category for my work shoes because of my various jobs in warehousing. I also have a category of dress sho es because I enjoy going out when I get the chance. I have a large variety of clothes in my wardrobe, so I also like to have a variety of dress shoes to choose from.If I want to wear a button-up shirt with black dress pants, I know exactly where to find my black dress shoes. If I did not have this category of shoes, then I probably would be stressed having to find the perfect pair to match with my clothes for a night out. My final category is my sneaker type. I love Jordan and Nike brands; therefore, it is important to obtain as many pairs as I can. I like to have every color and style as soon as they are released on the market. I keep them organized in their original boxes. I love my sneakers the most out of the three categories.Although there are many ways that a person can classify their shoe collection, I like to categorize my shoes by work shoes, dress shoes, and sneaker type shoes. My work shoes allow me to have a different pair for everyday of the week, which is convenient wh en I have to work many jobs. I like having my dress shoes in case there is an unexpected night out, so I keep many options to select from. I also love having different sneaker type shoes, such as Nike and Jordan brands. Classifying your shoe collection into categories can be helpful in keeping organized.

Autism and Mental Retardation Essay

Respond to the following: 1. List the primary features of autism. Children with autism are unresponsive to others, uncommunicative, repetitive, and rigid their symptoms usually appear before the age of three. An autistic individual will have difficulty sustaining employment, accomplishing household responsibilities, and leading independent lives. Furthermore, they express having problems displaying closeness and empathy and have limited interests and activities. The characteristics seem to be pronounced as indifferent in physical care and affectionate expressive interest in those who are taking care of them. Verbal communication and language impairments and inability to use speech are often primary features of autism. Some autistic individuals may exhibit Echolalia a echoing of phrases used without apparent understanding. Some may even repeat sentences a week later, this is called delayed echolalia. Their variation of speech difficulties include; paranormal reversal, difficulty in naming objects, lack of verbal understanding and use of suitable ton e in their voice while talking. Some noticeable characteristics that often expose autism are their lack of imagination while playing, rigid, abnormal and repetitive behaviors, failure to accept environmental change and obsession with animate things and inanimate things. They express repetitive and unusual motor movements like flapping their hands, and odd facial expressions. Below is a checklist the DSM has provided for a guideline to diagnosis of autism. 1. A total of at least six items from the following groups of symptoms: A. Impairment in social interaction, as manifested by at least two of the following: (a) Marked impairment in the use of multiple nonverbal behaviors such as eye-to-eye gaze, facial expression, body postures, and gestures to regulate social interaction. (b) Failure to develop peer relationships appropriately. (c) Lack of spontaneous seeking to share enjoyment, interests, or achievements with other people. (d) Lack of social or emotional reciprocity. B. Impairment in communication, as manifested by at least one of the  following: (a) Delay in or total lack of, the development of spoken language. (b) In individuals with adequate speech, marked impairment in the ability to start or sustain a conversation with others. (c) Stereotyped and repetitive use of language, or idiosyncratic language. (d) Lack of varied, spontaneous make-believe play or social imitative play. C. Restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities, as manifested by at least one of the following: (a) Abnormal preoccupation with one or more stereotyped and restricted patterns of interest. (b) Inflexible adherence to specific nonfunctional routines or rituals. (c) Stereotyped and repetitive motor mannerisms (e.g., hand or finger flapping or twisting). (d) Persistent preoccupation with parts of objects. 2. Prior to 3 years of age, delay or abnormal functioning in either social interaction, language, or symbolic or imaginative play. 2. Which explanation for autism is no longer considered valid and lacks research support? The sociocultural model lacks support and the theory suggests that autism could progress through particular personality characteristics of the parents. These characteristics generated unfavorable development and contributed to the development of the disorder. This theory is no longer considered. 3. What forms of treatment are helpful for a person with autism? The treatment that is helpful for a person with autism is behavioral therapy, communication training, parent training, and community integration. Psychotropic drugs and certain vitamins have at times aided when joined with other approaches. Behavioral therapies consist of therapist using modeling and operant conditioning. In modeling they exhibit a chosen behavior and direct the individual to reproduce it. In operant conditioning, they reinforce such behaviors, first by shaping them, breaking them down so they can be learned step by step and then rewarding each step visibly and consistently. These measures often create more purposeful behaviors and long term achievements. Communication Training is a therapy that is often taught to those individuals who remain speechless. They are taught other forms of communication, including sign language and simultaneous communication, a method combining sign language and speech. They also learn  to use augmentative communication systems, such as communication boards or computers that use pictures, symbols, or written words to represent objects or needs. In some programs teachers try to recognize essential underlined forcers rather than insignificant ones like food or candy. They encourage participation in choosing an item they want and then encouraging them to ask for it with questions like; what’s that? Where is it? And whose is it? The studies have found that child- directed interventions increase self-initiated communications, language development, and social participation. Parenting training programs train parents so they can apply behavioral techniques at home. They are provided with instruction manuals, and teachers do home visits. Individual therapy and support groups help parents of autistic children deal with their own emotions and needs. Community integration is a great tool for autistic individuals, In today’s school and home based programs there are programs for autism children to teach self-help, self-management, and living, social, and work skills as early as possible to help children function better in their communities. There have been many workshops and group homes available now for teenagers and young adults with autism to help them become a part of their communities. These types of programs give parents a since of relief as their child will always need supervision. 4. List the criteria for a diagnosis of mental retardation: The DSM-IV-TR gives guidelines to the diagnosis of mental retardation. Individuals need to display general intellectual functioning that is well below average, in combination with poor adaptive behavior. As well as having a low IQ score of 70 or below. There should be notable difficulty in communication, home living, self-direction, work or safety. These symptoms should appear before the age of 18. 5. Explain one way in which sociocultural biases in testing might pose problems for assessing mental retardation. Sociocultural biased in testing that might pose a problem for assessing mental retardation is IQ testing. IQ testing in some children has caused them to be labeled retarded when they had trouble speaking the language at a level that would establish their IQ. 6. Of the four levels of mental retardation, into which category do most  people with mental retardation fall? Mild level – IQ ranges from 50 – 70. â€Å"They are sometimes called â€Å"educably retarded† because they can benefit from schooling and can support themselves as adults† (Cromer, 2011). 7. What are the main types of biological causes of mental retardation? The main types of biological causes of mental retardation are Down syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome, and fragile X syndrome. 8. What is the only way to prevent fetal alcohol syndrome? The only way to prevent fetal alcohol syndrome is to not drink during pregnancy. 9. What are normalization and mainstreaming? Normalization and mainstreaming are educational terms; they reference the settlement of mentally retarded individuals within ordered classrooms. This is to make sure these individuals can intermingle and learn along with typical fellow students. The school systems have made adjustments and adaptations to their core curriculum and the teaching given to the mentally retarded child. 10. What is your opinion about mainstreaming and normalization for children and adults with autism or mental retardation? I agree with mainstreaming for a person who is suffering from autism or mental retardation. Autism runs in my family, and I have a cousin who is the same as age as I am and she did not receive mainstreaming when she was younger and she is severely handicapped I believe because of this. On the other hand, our classrooms are overcrowded and teachers are experiencing challenges within the so called â€Å"normal† population. Labeling these individuals at such an early age incorporates stereotyping within the classroom and can cause even more hardship for those individuals. My ex-husband’s brother had an autistic child who is thriving and even attending college classes at a University. He did have special schooling and went to private therapies. His success was through behavioral therapy and parenting training. I would say mainstreaming should be considered on the level of the disorder. If the disorder is extreme, then consideration should be given to the teacher and her other thirty something students. It is a hard question when in fact someone could be mildly retarded or highly retarded and the school system really needs to know just where the individual stands with their language ability and social ability. Resource: Comer, R. J. (2011). Fundamentals of abnormal psychology (6th ed.). New York, NY.

Feasability assignment to establish a bakery deli in downtown

Feasability to establish a bakery deli in downtown Connellsville pa 15425 - Assignment Example But like a hit song that made its way to the top of the music billboard during the first weeks and months of release, foods and services have its own duration of a peak popularity and savoring public acceptance. This is one natural weakness in the trade that we seek to improve and consequently be on top. That is where we will venture out to be creative and consistently popular. In this feasibility study and research, we propose to meet the needs and challenges of Connelsville residents, who are as discriminating as the uniqueness and individuality of choices and lifestyle in this area of some 9,500 permanent residents and transient visitors and plain travelers from one city to another numbering by the hundreds every month. 2 Executive Summary. A number of reports, findings, sample survey questionnaires and other important considerations follow in the next pages of this presentation. Except for food, excitement and product acceptance has its own peak and climax. Foods and drinks stay forever so long as life itself permits. The more challenging task is how to keep customers eating and satisfied and remain on top. In such very competitive and diverse entrepreneurship as foods and beverages,, uniqueness in both taste and looks, cleanliness and customer-friendly services are the major considerations. They form part of every marketing strategies to start a food business and its eventual expansion. One of the main ideas of establishing this business or any similar endeavor for that matter, is by starting small and growing big. In that respect, quality control takes a primary role in the shelf and baking areas. We will create and introduce new-to-your-senses menus of panera bread style similar but more innovative than those casual-setting, low-priced, quick-service chains nationwide. In order to be different, we must take advantage of the potentials normally present in starting a business such as introducing a new tradition in creative, tasteful and healthy bread makin g Connellsville style. Ambitious as it may seem, but creative bread making is tantamount to a daily changing menu. We can follow through by remaining true and humble to our vision of customer satisfaction and value for money food provisions and services. 3 Introduction. Establishing the business in a strategic area in Connellsville takes so much preparations and planning to ensure a high rate of success. This includes choosing the right location and hiring of the best and creative people. This portion of the report will take a lot of problem solving by anticipating them and facing them ahead of time even before it can present itself as a problem. One of the most effective ways to solve a problem is to anticipate and discern them. In such important areas as human resources, snags can be prevented from setting in with periodic programs of business-family bonding, camaraderie, dialogue and constant communications. As much as time and finances permit, a reward and systems of recognition , no matter how simple and inexpensive can do a lot of magic to the morale and efficiency in day-to-day operations. What you give to them always have a good habit of returning back double in terms of loyalty, efficient and more productive services. Food business is issue-sensitive business. Some of the problems that we may find hard to overcome are negative comments from customers, real or

Article Reviews for Theory and Practice of Mediation

Reviews for Theory and Practice of Mediation - Article Example They also gave their insights on its effectiveness & their views on the future of the Cape Cod National Seashore. The strength of this article is how organized it is. The paper has headings and subheadings for each aspect they talked about. Even a person new to the process of mediation will be able to understand this article. The simplicity of the vocabularies used also helped in this regard. The only problem I see in the article is how lengthy it is. Certainly, the descriptions and organization in the writing helped in understanding it. However, because the whole article, excluding the annexes & bibliography, is 15 pages long, a reader may lose interest in the middle of, maybe, A Historical Perspective. Personally, I don’t think this part is even helpful in explaining the value of conflict assessment to stakeholders. This article also presents the results of a research. However, unlike the first one which centered on the process of negotiation, this paper focuses on the parties involved in the conflict. Attention is focused on how the level of information mediator’s have on the issue affects the disputants’ perceptions & behaviors. Instead of an actual situation, this research is based on experiments with variations on the mediator’s recommendations and the information given to disputants representing how much mediators knew about the disputants’ needs and interests. The introduction explains: a) the mediation process, b) the relation between the mediator’s credibility & their level of insight on the dispute, and c) the hypotheses to be tested. It goes on to describe the different elements of the experiment & the results. The paper also gives the writer’s recommendations on similar future researches. For the discussion and concluding part, the article ex plains why peer mediation, such as someone in the company

Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures - Essay Example For a private disposal system seeking approval by a local authority, the organization must provide FSIS with the approval letter from the authority upon request. 1 A provision of clean running water that abides by the National Primary Drinking water convention(40 CFR part 141), at a required pressure and appropriate temperature must be provided in the necessary areas ( for cleaning rooms and equipment, packaging materials, for processing products and for workers hygienic facilities, etc). If the organization source its water from the Municipal, then it must provide a water report issued under the authority of the local health agency certifying to the portability of the water delivery to FSIS upon request. And if the organization uses water from a private source then it must hand in the documentation to the FSIS upon request, certifying the portability of water supply that has been renewed within a six-month duration. 2) Ice, water and liquid smoke solutions used in food production may be reused for the same function, provide that they are sanitized from fecal coliform organism, pathogenic organisms and also minimization of other chemical, physical, and microbiological infectivity to avoid product adulteration. 3)Water, ice, and solutions used to wash unprocessed products may be recycled for the same functions provided that caution is taken to minimize chemical, physical and microbiological contagion for the prevention of product contamination. Do not use recycled materials that has contacted raw materials in a finished product. 4) Reconditioned water that has no contact with human waste and has been treated by an onsite highly developed sewer treatment unit may be used on raw product, except in inedible and edible production areas, and product formulation provide that caution is taken to ensure that prescribed criteria in National Primary Drinking Water regulations Act

Police Brutality Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Police Brutality - Research Paper Example The brutality can be in verbal form where abuses and intimidation is used or even through actions. The task of police should be to maintain law and order, but surprisingly, they involve themselves in actions that defy their responsibilities. Police more often injure arrestees after they handcuff them or even when they are at the police cells or remand. Many arrestees complain of being hurt by police officers after complying with their orders. Rogue police hit, kick, or even punch arrestees leaving them with a lot of injuries and mental torture (Elicker, 2008). At times, police use excess power when arresting people who are not resistant to the police. Only such power fit to resistant and stubborn suspects but not people who are willing to comply. Some police officers use chock holds when arresting people, which is extremely intimidating and demeaning way of handling suspects since they have their human rights till proven guilty. Some police officers go to extend of hitting arrestees and other criminal suspects with harmful and dangerous instruments like guns. This exposes the victims to permanent or short-term effects. Many police brutality victims suffer brain injuries, body deformities, and spinal cord injuries while others die (Pinizzotto et al., 2012). Some police officers perceive use of electrical shock devices as a convenient way of inducing arrest of suspects. They target getting control of the arrestee without considering the effect of the shock to the individual. Consequently, many arrestees suffer from heart attacks and other personal injuries because of the electrical shock exposed to them. Through law, police officers should use guns at the last case situation, but contrary, police shootings and killings are increasing on a daily basis. As a result, many deaths result from shooting misidentified individuals, and bystanders (Fox, 2011). Due to the high numbers of firing guns, chances of stray bullets are also high. Therefore, the number of deaths of innocent people has increased. At times, police officers use a squad car to chase after a suspect. This racing event can result to an accident, which may cause deaths or even personal injuries to the suspect and the police officers. The reckless driving of a squad car can also pose a danger to pedestrians and other road users. Police officers also expose citizens to brutality by conducting illegal searches and seizures. Generally, the law stipulates that, for a police officer to search any premise, they must present a warrant from the authorities authorizing hem to exercise the search. Unfortunately, many officers bang citizens’ houses and premises without any legal document and start their operations. In most cases if the owners demand explanations or exhibit resistance, they get a thorough beating or threats. Some police officers force their way to citizens’ premises and take property claiming to be under investigation. They offer minimum explanation or none at all to the owner. This is wrong since every individual has the right to posses property and get information whenever need arises. Many arrestees complain that police officers coerce them to honour up crimes they have not committed. The torture they undergo while under law enforcers, force them to plead guilty of others crimes and get the punishment while the real culprits go unpunished. This is not right because it exposes innocent person to a lot of mental torture and physical